Casharka 1: The Nervous Tissue

• Introduction to the nervous system
• Nervous tissue
• Structure of the neuron

Casharka 2: Types of Neurons

• Types of neurons by structure
• Types of neurons by function
• Nerves

Casharka 3: Nerve Impulse

• Nerve impulse
• Resting potential
• Action potential

Casharka 4: The Synapse and Neurotransmitters

• The synapse
• Neurotransmitters

Casharka 5: Structure of the Nervous System

• Parts of the nervous system

Casharka 6: The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system
• The meninges
• The brain
• The cerebrum
• Functional areas of the cerebrum
• The diencephalon
• The brain stem
• The cerebellum
• Dissection of the brain
• The spinal cord
• Reflex action

Casharka 7: Peripheral Nervous System

• Cranial and spinal nerves
• The somatic nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system

Casharka 8: Health Problems of the Nervous System

• Diseases of the nervous system

Casharka 9: The Senses

• Taste and smell
• Sight
• Hearing and balance
• Touch

Casharka 1: Structure of the Endocrine System

• Introduction to the endocrine system
• Endocrine and exocrine glands
• Classification of hormones and mechanism of action
• Lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones
• Feedback mechanisms
• Antagonistic hormones
• Endocrine glands and their hormones
• Pituitary gland
• Pancreas
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Gonads
• Diabetes
• Abnormalities in thyroid activity
• Growth hormone disorders
• Chapter questions

Casharka 0: Chapter 3 questions (skeletal and muscular parts of the chapter review)

• Chapter 3 questions

Casharka 1: Structure of the skeletal system

• Introduction to the skeletal, muscular and integumentary systems
• Types of skeletons
• Parts of skeletal system
• The axial skeleton
• The skull
• The vertebral column
• The thoracic cage
• The appendicular skeleton

Casharka 2: Types of bones

• Types of bones

Casharka 3: Structure of bones

• Extracellular matrix
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
• Structure of bones
• Formation of bone
• Cartilage

Casharka 4: Joints

• Types of joints
• Joint structure

Casharka 5: Functions of the skeletal system

• Functions of the skeletal system

Casharka 6: Health complications that affect the skeletal system

• Bone fracture
• Arthritis

Casharka 7: Muscular system

• Muscular system
• Types of muscles
• Skeletal muscles

Casharka 8: Mechanism of muscle contraction

• Mechanism of muscle contraction
• Sliding filament theory

Casharka 9: Muscular movement of bones

• Flexor and extensor muscles
• Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers

Casharka 10: Health complications of muscles

• Muscle cramps
• Muscle fatigue
• Muscle strain
• Muscle tearing

Casharka 11: The Integumentary System

• The integumentary system
• The structure of skin
• The epidermis
• The dermis
• Functions of the skin: protection
• Functions of the skin: regulation of body temperature
• Functions of the skin: formation of vitamin D
• Functions of the skin: sensation
• Functions of the skin: excretion
• Glands of the skin
• Hairs
• Nails
• Skin disorders
• Eczema
• Acne
• Chapter 3 questions: skin

Casharka 1: The Discovery of the Genetic Material (DNA)

• Chapter 4 introduction
• The discovery of the genetic material (DNA)

Casharka 2: The Structure of the Chromosome

• The structure of the chromosome

Casharka 3: The Nucleic Acids

• The nucleic acids
• Nucleotides
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Questions on the structure of DNA
• Chapter 4 questions

Casharka 4: The Importance of Nucleic Acids

• The importance of nucleic acids
• Chapter 4 questions

Casharka 5: The DNA Replication

• The cell cycle
• The mechanism of DNA replication
• The importance of DNA replication
• Chapter 4 questions

Casharka 6: Mutations

• Mutations
• Types of mutations

Casharka 7: Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)

• Flow of genetic information
• Types of RNA and their functions

Casharka 8: Stages of Protein Synthesis

• Transcription
• RNA processing
• The genetic code
• The codons of the mRNA
• Translation
• The structure of the ribosome
• Translation: initiation
• Translation: elongation
• Translation: termination
• Post translational modifications
• Chapter 4 questions

Casharka 1: Mendelian Genetics

• Chapter 5 introduction
• Mendelian genetics
• Mendel's results and probabilities

Casharka 2: Laws of probability

• The rule of multiplication
• The rule of addition
• Applications of the law of addition

Casharka 3: Law of independent assortment

• Law of independent assortment
• Three characteristics and forked lines
• Chapter questions

Casharka 4: Test cross

• Test cross
• Performing a test cross
• Chapter questions

Casharka 5: Complex inheritance patterns

• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Codominance: sickle cell
• Multiple alleles
• Rh factor
• Blood transfusion
• Polygenic inheritance
• Chapter questions

Casharka 6: Sex determination system in living organisms

• Sex determination system
• Sex linked traits
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Sex influenced traits
• Chapter questions

Casharka 7: Genetic maps

• Genetic maps
• Crossing over and recombinant gametes
• Scientific thinking: maize experiment
• Chapter questions

Casharka 8: Genetic disorders

• Genetic disorders
• Gene mutations
• Alteration in chromosome structure
• Krabbe disease
• Phenylketonuria
• Nondisjunction
• Aneuploidy
• Polyploidy
• Chapter questions

Casharka 9: Applied genetics

• Selective breeding
• Hybridization
• Inbreeding

Casharka 1: Biotechnology

• Introduction to biotechnology
• Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering
• Chapter review

Casharka 2: Techniques used in genetic engineering

• Techniques used in genetic engineering
• Restriction enzymes
• Gel electrophoresis
• Recombinant DNA technology
• Medical products of recombinant DNA
• Gene cloning
• DNA sequencing
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Steps of PCR
• DNA fingerprinting
• Summary of major tools in genetic engineering
• Chapter review

Casharka 3: Transgenic organisms

• Transgenic organisms
• Transgenic animals
• Transgenic plants
• Transgenic bacteria
• Applications of biotechnology
• Medical applications
• Gene therapy
• Genomics and proteomics
• Pharmaceutical products
• Environmental cleanup
• Agricultural applications
• Bioethics

Casharka 1: Biodiversity

• Introduction
• Definition of biodiversity
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Chapter review

Casharka 2: The importance of biodiversity

• Reasons to preserve biodiversity
• Direct economic value
• Indirect economic value

Casharka 3: Threats to biodiversity

• Extinction rates
• Factors that threaten biodiversity
• Overexploitation
• Habitat loss
• Pollution as a threat
• Biological magnification
• Acid precipitation
• Eutrophication
• Measuring biodiversity

Casharka 4: Conserving biodiversity

• Conservation biology
• Natural resources

Casharka 5: Protecting biodiversity

• Protected areas in Somalia
• Chapter review

Casharka 6: Environmental problems

• Pollution
• Air pollution
• Sulphur based chemicals
• Oxides of nitrogen
• Primary and secondary pollutants
• Smoke and fumes
• Dust
• Aerosols
• Water pollution
• Domestic effluents
• Industrial effluents
• Heat
• Oil spillage
• Agro-chemicals
• Lead and mercury
• Soil erosion
• Soil pollution
• Solid waste
• Radioactive emissions